The Shofar is made of mostly male sheep horns and used for religious purposes in Jewish tradition. The number of strings evidently varied. I enjoyed learning about these instruments especially the Oud! vi.). 176) calls attention to the fact that in the Orient it is still the custom for a precentor to sing one strophe, which is repeated three, four, or five tones lower by the other singers. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. They were never used on occasions of mourning (Isa. Musicians stand in attendance upon Lord (Mar): a player of the bass lyre (nevel), a player of the lyre (kinnor)." 2 To learn more about ancient music and enactments of Biblical psalms, read the full Archaeological Views column "Performing Psalms in Biblical Times" by Thomas Staubli in the January/February 2018 issue of Biblical . The name kissar (cithara) given by the ancient Greeks to Egyptian box instruments reveals the apparent similarities recognized by Greeks themselves. INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC OF INDIA. xvi. 11; A. V. "almug"). 27; I Sam. The Goblet drum generates two distinct tones. Kinnor 3. The contemporaneous musical fashion of the outer world has ever found its echo within the walls of the synagogue, so that in the superstructure added by successive generations of transmitting singers there are always discernible points of comparison, even of contact, with the style and structure of each successive era in the musical history of other religious communions. The ancient Hebrews had two stringed instruments, the "kinnor" () and the "nebel" ( ). It was held in the right hand to set the upper strings in vibration; when not in use, it hung from the instrument by a ribbon. lyre, stringed musical instrument having a yoke, or two arms and a crossbar, projecting out from and level with the body. With Arabic music influences, Qanun is widely used in Israeli music. [1], While flat-based lyres originated in the East, they were also later found in the West after 700 BCE. gave them permission to wear the white priestly garment.(comp. The Sumponyah, which later became the Calabrian Zampogna, is one of the oldest instruments in the world. : 8 Intriguing Early Musical Instruments. "[8] The kinnor is sometimes mentioned in conjunction with the nevel, which is also presumed to be a lyre but larger and louder than the kinnor. A doom, when the length of the fingers and palm are used to strike the center of the head it produces a deeper bass sound than when the hand is removed for an open sound. Sometimes there are songs with lyrics compiled in English in more standard form, with central themes such as Jerusalem, the Holocaust, Jewish identity, and the Jewish diaspora. Use Code HIVE25 For 25% Off Select Products! 12, 3) that the nebel was played with the fingers, which seems hardly possible in the case of the cymbals. Your email address will not be published. Quite commonly two augmented seconds will be employed in the octave, as in the frequent formmuch loved by Eastern peoplestermed by Bourgault-Ducoudray ("Mlodies Populaires de Grce et d'Orient," p.20, Paris, 1876) "the Oriental chromatic" (see music below). For the modern Yemenite-Israeli musical phenomenon, however, see Yemenite Jewish music.). This type of music usually consists of the same formulaic mix. Music; and the bibliographies cited in these works. John Zorn's record label, Tzadik, features a "Radical Jewish Culture" series that focuses on exploring what contemporary Jewish music is and what it offers to contemporary Jewish culture. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. vi. [sic] A hapx legomenon, kinir is cognate with kinnor and Tall indicates 'player of the instrument'. The Sistrum comprises a handle and a U-shaped metal frame between 30 and 76 cm wide and is made of brass or bronze. The base is solid or hollow with sound holes. Historically, Kinnors are known as the origins of the lyres that we see different versions of it in almost every culture today. uggav (small flute), the transl. As it appears from the foregoing that the instrument was widely used among the Semites, and as the Biblical references, as well as those found in Josephus, seem to apply best to the cithara, it may be assumed that this instrument corresponds to the kinnor. Its exact identification is unclear, but in the modern day it is generally translated as "harp" or "lyre",[12]:440 and associated with a type of lyre depicted in Israelite imagery, particularly the Bar Kochba coins. Like a violin, this method shortened the vibrating length of the string to produce higher tones, while releasing the finger gave the string a greater vibrating length, thereby producing a tone lower in pitch. The sarcophagus was used during the Mycenaean occupation of Crete (c.1400 BC).[15][16]. Lyres were used in several ancient cultures surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. There is no clear evidence that non-Greco-Roman lyres were played exclusively with plectra, and numerous instruments regarded by some as modern lyres are played with bows. It is mainly an Israeli frame drum form and probably the oldest version of a man-made drum. Arabian ouds are typically larger than their Turkish and Persian counterparts, providing a richer, deeper sound. Lyrics are most commonly short passages in Hebrew from the Torah or the siddur, with the occasional obscure passage from the Talmud. The Jewish Encyclopedia. The cantor sang the piyyutim to melodies selected by their writer or by himself, thus introducing fixed melodies into synagogal music. xxxiii. (Heres The Real Answer), 5 Creative Sound Design Tips To Make You Rethink Effects, Sample-Heavy Approach To Production (Interview With BCee), Out-Of-The-Box Experiments (w/ Kamikaze Space Programme), Is Tape Undergoing A Renaissance? [1], Eastern lyres, also known as flat-based lyres, are lyres which originated in the Fertile Crescent (Mesoptamia) in what is present day Syria, Anatolia, the Levant and Egypt. The number of strings on the classical lyre therefore varied, with three, four, six, seven, eight and ten having been popular at various times. In the English versions of the Old Testament the former word is wrongly translated"harp." From the entrails and a tortoise/turtle shell, he created the Lyre. Country Yossi, Abie Rotenberg, Uncle Moishy, and the producers of the 613 Torah Avenue series are examples of Orthodox Jewish musicians/entertainers whose music teach children Orthodox traditions. [1] : 440 It has been referred to as the "national instrument" of the Jewish people, [2] and modern luthiers have created reproduction lyres of the kinnor based on this imagery. The Greeks translated the name as nabla (, "Phoenician harp"). The last surviving examples of instruments within the latter class were the Scandinavian talharpa and the Finnish jouhikko. There are certain experts who are only to blow the holy shofar in Jewish culture. Tanbra In Cairo, played by a Nubian, 1858. Halil 8. There is no question that melodies repeated in each strophe, in the modern manner, were not sung at either the earlier or the later periods of psalm-singing; since no such thing as regular strophes occurred in Hebrew poetry. In both instruments the strings were set in vibration by the fingers, or perhaps by a little stick, the plectrum (as Josephus says). Arabic music has utilized the Qanun, a descendant of the ancient Egyptian harp since the ninth century. The term is also used metaphorically to refer to the work or skill of a poet, as in Shelley's "Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is"[23] or Byron's "I wish to tune my quivering lyre,/ To deeds of fame, and notes of fire".[24]. The nebel, on the other hand, seems to have been reserved exclusively for religious occasions (Amos v. 23; Ps. 5; II Sam. Sign up and see the remaining cards. Likewise the three-stringed lyre may have given rise to the six-stringed lyre depicted on many archaic Greek vases. It was first brought to Europe in the 12th century, and from the 14th through the 16th, it was known as a Psaltery or Zither in its European form. The more popular of the two instruments was the kinnor, which is much more frequently mentioned in the Old Testament than the nebel. The words "pi ha-nebel" (Amos vi. The joyous intonation of the Northern European rite for morning and afternoon prayers on the Three Festivals (Passover, Sukkot and Shavuot) closes with the third tone, third ending of the Gregorian psalmody; and the traditional chant for the Hallel itself, when not the one reminiscent of the "Tonus Peregrinus," closely corresponds with those for Ps. By the 10th century, the chant began at Barukh she'amar, the previous custom having been to commence the singing at "Nishmat," these conventions being still traceable in practise in the introit signalizing the entry of the junior and of the senior officiant. Ugab 5. Jewish Lyre Instrument - Etsy Check out our jewish lyre instrument selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. Like the lessons, it, too, is cantillated. This page was last edited on 19 October 2022, at 11:36. Then shepherd pipes or chanters are attached to it to be able to blow in the bag and produce the holy sound. The traditional mode of singing prayers in the synagogue is often known as hazzanut, the art of being a hazzan (cantor). A somewhat different Assyrian harp is pictured in a Kuyunjik relief, where a band of musicians going to meet the victorious Assurbanipal is represented. The kinnor of the Bible. Jg 7:16 ). This article is about the musical instrument. (The KJV uses harp.) According to another view the nebel is to be compared with the "sanir" (still used among the Arabs), perhaps in view of the Septuagint rendering of the word by "psalterion" (=; Dan. A large body of music produced by Orthodox Jews for children is geared toward teaching religious and ethical traditions and laws. It commonly has 3 holes in the body. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 2, lvii. It may also be a melodic instrument or instruments to keep tal. The Kinnor is built in the style of a Lyre, with a double upright neck support for the horizontal neck. 5; Isa. . However, the ban on singing and music, although not formally lifted by any council, soon became understood as only a ban outside of religious services. Systems of Transliteration Citation of Proper Names. They have been found at archaeological sites in Egypt, Syria, Anatolia, and the Levant. The illustration furthermore shows that the instrument did not originate in Egypt, but with the Asiatic Semites; for it is carried by Asiatic Bedouins praying for admission into Egypt. The Oud has a very small neck and has no frets, which is the main difference from the lute. The development of music among the Israelites was coincident with that of poetry, the two being equally ancient, since every poem was also sung. Hence, in turn, appeared cantillation, prayer-motive, fixed melody, and hymn as forms of synagogal music. But enough differences remain, especially in the Italian rendering, to show that the principle of parallel rendering with modal difference, fully apparent in their cantillation, underlies the prayer-intonations of the Sephardim also. The . Other instruments known as lyres have been fashioned and used in Europe outside the Greco-Roman world since at least the Iron Age. They initially contained only round rather than flat bases; but by the Hellenistic period both constructs of lyre could be found in these regions. Different tones could be obtained from a single bowed string by pressing the fingernails of the player's left hand against various points along the string to fret the string. The last of the bowed lyres with a fingerboard was the "modern" (c.14851800) Welsh crwth. CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS IN INDIA 1. The translation of "kinnor" by presupposes a similarity between the Hebrew and the Greek instruments, a supposition that is confirmed by the illustrations of the kinnor found on Jewish coins (see illustration), which is very similar to both the Greek lyre and cithara. This mix is usually brass, horns and strings. Also, by having no frets, the Oud allows sliding between pitches, which is very characteristic of this instrument and its sound. The instrument reached the height of its popularity in Ancient Egypt during the reign of Pharaoh Akhenaten (c. 13531336 B.C.E.). [6], Lyres were used without a fingerboard, no Greek description or representation having ever been met with that can be construed as referring to one. [1] By the Hellenistic period (c. 330 BCE) what was once a clearly divided use of flat-based lyres in the East and round-based lyres in the West had disappeared, as trade routes between the East and the West dispersed both kinds of instruments across more geographic regions. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). It was shaken as a sacred rattle in the worship of Hathor in ancient Egypt and used in rituals in Israel. Although they have similarities, lyres and harps differ in shape, size, sound, and playability. Attention has frequently been drawn to the resemblances in manner and even in some points of detail between the chants of the muezzin and of the reader of the Qur'an with much of the hazzanut, not alone of the Sephardim, who passed so many centuries in Arab lands, but also of the Ashkenazim, equally long located far away in northern Europe. Earliest of all is the cantillation of the Bible, in which the traditions of the various rites differ only as much and in the same manner from one another as their particular interpretations according to the text and occasion differ among themselves. transl. The pick, or plectrum, however, was in constant use. They are connected near the top by a crossbar or yoke. Psaltery The Psaltery is an ancient Hebrew musical instrument of Greek origin. [6]:43. Reproduction of the lyre from the Sutton Hoo royal burial (England), c.600 AD, A reconstruction of a Germanic lyre (Rotte, Round lyre). The kinnor and nebel are often mentioned together. They are commonly tuned on single string courses like this: D2-G2-A2-D3-G3-C4 (low to high). Next to the passages of Scripture recited in cantillation, the most ancient and still the most important section of the Jewish liturgy is the sequence of benedictions which is known as the Amidah ('standing prayer'), being the section which in the ritual of the Dispersion more immediately takes the place of the sacrifice offered in the ritual of the Temple on the corresponding occasion. At the time, a consensus developed that all music and singing would be banned; this was codified as a rule by some early Jewish rabbinic authorities. 13; Lam. [4], Josephus describes the kinnor as having 10 strings, made from a sheep's small intestine,[1]:442 and played with a plectrum (pick),[1]:441 though the Book of Samuel notes that David played the kinnor "with his hand". This may explain the terms al alamot and al ha-sheminit. What do you call the temple instrument of Israel? Oud is interbedded with Arabic music and continues to have a big influence on Jewish culture. of Psalms (Polychrome Bible); Benzinger, Protestantische Realencyclopdie, s.v. Played with both hands like a modern harp, the . After the bow made its way into Europe from the Middle-East, it was applied to several species of those lyres that were small enough to make bowing practical. The strings were of gut. Shabbat morning and weekday evening motives are especially affected by this survival, which also frequently induces the Polish azzanim to modify similarly the diatonic intervals of the other prayer-motives. The nevel or nebel ( Hebrew: nel) was a stringed instrument used by the Israelites. The Goblet drum is a great heritage instrument from Mesopotamian and Ancient Egyptian history and is also an inevitable part of Israeli musical instruments and culture. [19] The remains of what is thought to be the bridge of a 2300-year-old lyre were discovered on the Isle of Skye, Scotland in 2010 making it Europe's oldest surviving piece of a stringed musical instrument. 27; I Chron. The mournful chant characteristic of penitential days in all the Jewish rites, is closely recalled by the Church antiphon in the second mode "Da Pacem Domine in Diebus Nostris" ("Vesperale Ratisbon," p.42). The Egyptian thin lyre was characterized by arms that bulged outwards asymmetrically; a feature also found later in Samaria (c375c323 BCE). It is mainly an Israeli frame drum form and probably the oldest version of a man-made drum. 11), its use appears to have been regarded as unseemly and profane. Before Greek civilization had assumed its historic form (c. 1200 BC), there was likely to have been great freedom and independence of different localities in the matter of lyre stringing, which is corroborated by the antique use of the chromatic (half-tone) and enharmonic (quarter-tone) tunings - pointing to an early exuberance, and perhaps also to a bias towards refinements of intonation. [6]:43 The Mishna states that the minimum number of kinnor to be played in the Temple is nine, with no maximum limit. holds that many modern stringed instruments are late-emerging examples of the lyre class. is the main temple instrument of Israel and Jewish culture. If these had been foreign instruments derived from the Greeks, they would not have been represented as emblems on coins. devotional songs; carnatic music. These songs are composed from within one pool of composers and one pool of arrangers. A stringed instrument. Some mythic masters like Musaeus, and Thamyris were believed to have been born in Thrace, another place of extensive Greek colonization. Its history goes back to the period of Babylon (500 BCE). Some Orthodox Jews believe that secular music contains messages that are incompatible with Judaism. Next comes, from the first ten centuries, and probably taking shape only with the Jewish settlement in western and northern Europe, the cantillation of the Amidah referred to below, which was the first portion of the liturgy dedicated to a musical rendering, all that preceded it remaining unchanted. The Oud is the ancient form of the lute and the guitar. This principle has marked effects in the Ashkenazic or Northern tradition, where it is as clear in the rendering of the prayers as in that of the Scriptural lessons, and is also apparent in the erobot. This articleincorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Singer, Isidore; etal., eds. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. Kinnor (Hebrew: .mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"SBL Hebrew","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Taamey Frank CLM","Frank Ruehl CLM","Ezra SIL","Ezra SIL SR","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans} knnr) is an ancient Israelite musical instrument in the yoke lutes family, the first one to be mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. The earliest known example of the thin lyre dates to c. 2500 B.C.E. Like the flat-based Eastern lyres, the round-based lyre also originated in northern Syria and southern Anatolia in the 3rd millennium BCE. The tabret or timbrel was a favorite instrument of the women, and was used with dances, as by Miriam, to accompany songs of victory, or with the harp at banquets and processions; it was one of the instruments used by King David and his musicians when he danced before the Ark of the Covenant. The fingers of the left hand touched the lower strings (presumably to silence those whose notes were not wanted).[6]. Reminiscences of non-Jewish sacred melody, Mishneh Torah, Hilkoth Ta'niyyoth, Chapter 5, Halakhah 14 (see, Spielberg Jewish Film Archive - Teiman: The Music of the Yemenite Jews: 4:32, Jewish Encyclopedia article on MUSIC AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, A Taste of Jewish Music from the Sephardi World, Yiddish Folk Songs and Tales of Russian Folk, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_religious_Jewish_music&oldid=1136750376, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia with no article parameter, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 31 January 2023, at 23:18. Instruments were used on joyous occasions, such as banquets and festive processions (Gen. xxxi. Like the eastern flat-based lyre, the western round-based lyre also had several sub-types. Psalm 33:2 (ESV) . Many of the entertainers are former yeshiva students, and perform dressed in a dress suit. According to the Talmud, Joshua ben Hananiah, who had served in the sanctuary Levitical choir, told how the choristers went to the synagogue from the orchestra by the altar,[1] and so participated in both services. The harmonics of the shofar vary from one to another. The use of these terms, in addition to such less definite Hebraisms as ne'imah ('melody'), shows that the scales and intervals of such prayer-motives have long been recognized and observed to differ characteristically from those of contemporary Gentile music, even if the principles underlying their employment have only quite recently been formulated. The word has subsequently come to mean violin in Modern Hebrew. The kinnor is mentioned 42 times in the Old Testament, in relation to "divine worship prophecy secular festivals and prostitution. Corrections? Lots of instruments we know today are rooted in the history of Israel and its neighboring lands. According to the Roman Jewish historian Josephus (1st century ad), it resembled the Greek kithara (i.e., having broad arms of a piece with the boxlike neck), and kinnor was translated as kithara in both the Greek Old Testament and the Latin Bible. A comparison has often been made with the eight notes of the Gregorian chant or with the Oriental psalmody introduced into the church of Milan by Ambrosius: the latter, however, was certainly developed under the influence of Grecian music, although in origin it may have had some connection with the ancient synagogal psalm-singing, as Delitzsch claims that it was ("Psalmen," 3d ed., p.27). 8; Ezek. Apollo offered to trade the herd of cattle for the lyre. The modal differences are not always so observable in the Sephardic or Southern tradition. The strings run from a tailpiece on the bottom or front of the instrument to the crossbar. The age of the various elements in synagogal song may be traced from the order in which the passages of the text were first introduced into the liturgy and were in turn regarded as so important as to demand special vocalization. abbuv (a reed flute or oboe-like instrument). There are a whole host of musical instruments from Israel, however the 9 most popular include: Kinnor is one of the ancient musical instruments of Israeli music that is holy for the Jewish culture and used in sacred music. Thank you., Your email address will not be published. David by his playing on the harp drove away an evil spirit from Saul;[9] the holy ecstasy of the Prophets was stimulated by dancing and music;[10] playing on a harp awoke the inspiration that came to Elisha. [6] The English word comes via Latin from the Greek. "A Short Note on African Lyres in Use Today. 22). [1] It is the first instrument from the lyre family mentioned in the Old Testament. This explains the remark in II Chronicles 5:13 that at the dedication of the Temple the playing of the instruments, the singing of the Psalms, and the blare of the trumpets sounded as one sound. For the annual award, see, International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Distinctions among Canaanite, Philistine, and Israelite Lyres, and Their Global Lyrical Contexts, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinnor&oldid=1116995835, Culture articles needing translation from German Wikipedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Articles with MusicBrainz instrument identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Parents may choose to limit their children's exposure to music produced by those other than Orthodox Jews, so that they are less likely to become influenced by many of the more, in the parents' eyes, harmful outside ideas and fashions. Also known as the Jewish Lyre, Kinnor is commonly mistranslated as a harp. Their chants and other set melodies largely consist of very short phrases often repeated, just as Perso-Arab melody so often does; and their congregational airs usually preserve a Morisco or other Peninsular character. The lyre (/lar/) is a stringed musical instrument that is classified by HornbostelSachs as a member of the lute-family of instruments. This is associated with a secondary phrase, somewhat after the tendency which led to the framing of the binary form in European classical music. This latter custom has been preserved in modern Israel at the swearing in of . Apollo was furious, but after hearing the sound of the lyre, his anger faded. All the tonalities are distinct. It was with the piyyutim (liturgical poems) that Jewish music began to crystallize into definite form. ; Riehm, Handwrterb. Across this frame are stretched strings decreasing in length from the center to the sides. David, the shepherd-boy, was a noted player (I Sam. The deepest note was that closest to the player's body; since the strings did not differ much in length, more weight may have been gained for the deeper notes by thicker strings, as in the violin and similar modern instruments, or they were tuned by having a slacker tension. The traditional penitential intonation transcribed in the article Ne'ilah with the piyyut "Darkeka" closely reproduces the music of a parallel species of medieval Latin verse, the metrical sequence "Missus Gabriel de Clis" by Adam of St. Victor (c. 1150) as given in the Graduale Romanum of Sarum. Kinnor was mentioned 42 times in the Hebrew Bible, and historians say that kinnor was played even in temples in ancient Israel, B.C. The lyre of classical antiquity was ordinarily played by being strummed like a guitar or a zither, rather than being plucked with the fingers as with a harp. Jewish music began in the early years of tribal life, and the "references to music in the Bible are numerous," writes Ulrich. This intonation is designated by the Hebrew term nigun ('tune') when its melody is primarily in view, by the Yiddish term shteyger ('scale') when its modal peculiarities and tonality are under consideration, and by the Romance word gust and the Slavonic skarbowa when the taste or style of the rendering especially marks it off from other music. An Israeli drum is called a toph. cxxxvii. This order closely agrees with that in which the successive tones and styles still preserved for these elements came into use among the Gentile neighbors of the Jews who utilized them. However, there are various tuning traditions in different cultures. The same instrument is again found in its primitive form on an Assyrian relief, here also played by Semitic prisoners, from the western districts.
The Picture Nasa Took On September 18 2009, David Robertson Net Worth, Articles J