An example is Clozapine which is used when other drugs have failed, due to the risk of agranulocytosis (a potentially fatal blood condition). Drug therapy is a biological treatment for schizophrenia. Results. Family therapies may improve the quality of life for schizophrenia patients and their families, but do not provide a cure for schizophrenia, rather a management of the effects. delusions. They involve modifying/interfering with the action of neurotransmitters, in order to increase (agonists) or decrease (antagonists) their activity. It is now recognised that the vulnerability could be genetic or __environmental (for example, a traumatic event in early childhood). Getting dressed, tokens (in the form of coloured discs) are given immediately as secondary reinforcers which can be exchanged for rewards eg. Cause and effect It remains unclear whether cognitive factors cause schizophrenia or if schizophrenia causes these cognitions Family dysfunction may not be a valid explanation for schizophrenia. Another form of CBT: Coping Strategy Enhancement (CSE). First, cognitive deficits which are impairments in thought processes such as perception, memory and attention. Melzer (2012) concluded that Clozapine is effective in 30-50% of cases where other drugs have failed, supporting its use in schizophrenia treatment. The intention is to show schizophrenics that their hallucinations are not real. For the classification system to be reliable, differfent clinicians using the same system (e.g. In other words, it doesnt cure schizophrenia, it just helps people get over it. Schizophrenia Interactionist Approach Interactionist Approach Interactionist Approach Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change Those who do not have the schizogene would not develop schizophrenia, even if they experienced a chronically stressful upbringing. Broadcasting is a thought disorder whereby a person believes their thoughts are being broadcast to others, for example over the radio or through TV. One of the most important cognitive theories of schizophrenia is attention deficit theory. Comorbidity occurs because the symptoms of different disorders overlap. Reliability is the level of agreement on the diagnosis by different psychiatrists across time and cultures; stability of diagnosis over time given no change in symptoms. Response. When desired behavior is displayed eg. Neural correlates are patterns of structure or activity in the brain that occur in conjunction with schizophrenia. They may or may not treat the illness as well as clozapine, however. Support for family research, Tienari et al (1994) adoption study found . Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. (1956) suggested the double bind theory, which suggests that children who frequently receive contradictory messages from their parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia. Culture One of the biggest controversies in relation to classification and diagnosis is to do with cultural relativism and variations in diagnosis. Autopsies have found that there are generally a large number of dopamine receptors (Owen et al., 1987) and there was an increase in the amount of dopamine in the left amygdale (falkai et al. As this is not the case family dysfunctions cannot be the sole cause ofthe illness. Antipsychotic medication will often be used alongside CBT, acknowledging the role that biological and psychological factors play in the disorder. The researchers found that the males had a genetic condition which became later known as "Brunner syndrome" (it is important to note that females only carry this condition, as it only affects the MAOA production gene on the single X chromosome in males). Many people who experience feelings of persecution have a general tendency to assume that other people cause the things that go wrong with their lives. Both aspect of diathesis-stress must be present to develop the disorder. use a different sampling method, such as random or systematic OR a sample of people with schizophrenia who do not go to a self-help group. Thought disorder in which there are breaks in the train of thought and the person appears to make illogical jumps from one topic to another (loose association). where normal functions are limited: including speech poverty and avolition. Refer to evidence in youranswer. Heather (1976) there is only a 50% chance of predicting what treatment a patient will receive based on diagnosis, suggesting that diagnosis is not valid. Benzel et al. It is one of the chemicals in the brain which causes neurons to fire. Alogia aka speech poverty is a thought disorder were correct words are used but with little meaning. Interactionist approaches attempt to explain schizophrenia as a combination of nature (biological) and nurture (environmental) factors. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. For example in some Asian countries people are not expected to show emotional expression, whereas in certain Arabic cultures public emotion is encouraged and understood. Adoption studies have helped clarify both of these problems. For example, Ripke et al. Family therapy is based on the theory that schizophrenia is associated with schizophrenogenic mothers, double bind communication, expressed emotion, or other dysfunction in the family. Weak evidence for family based explanations, there is no evidence that supports the importance of double bind theory. This weakens the interactionist explanation. Lengthy It takes months compared to drug therapy that takes weeks which leads to disengaged treatment as they dont see immediate effects A patient who is very distressed and perhaps suicidal may benefit better in the short term from antipsychotics. Medication can be taken as pills, syrups or injections, and may be taken over a short or long-term. They block dopamine receptors on post-synaptic neurons, meaning that less dopamine is transmitted across the synapse. Research by Miyakawa et al. LS23 6AD Individual differences EE is associated with relapse but not all patients who live in high EE families relapse and not all patients in low EE families avoid relapse Family dysfunction is an incomplete explanation for schizophrenia. Delusions are false beliefs. Support for family research, Tienari et al (1994) adoption study found those adopted children who had schizophrenic parents were more likely to become ill themselves than those children with non-biological parents. There is a sizeable minority who do not respond to drug treatment. Where two conditions are frequently diagnosed together it calls into question the . The aim in modern forms of this therapy is to reduce the stress in the family environment so preventing relapse. Pharaoh et al. Saul Mcleod, Ph.D., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years experience of working in further and higher education. The reason for this is because if the individual does have large ventricles then does it really mean that they will develop schizophrenia? In the 1950s and 60s nurses often rewarded patients with cigarettes. One weakness of the cognitive explanation is that there are problems with cause and effect. This limits the usefulness of token economies in treating schizophrenia. LS23 6AD This suggests that understanding the effects of cognitive deficits allows psychologists to create new initiatives for schizophrenics and improve the quality of their lives. Comorbidities were also found with epilepsy being the . Schizophrenia is a multi-factorial trait as it is the result of multiple genes and environmental factors. Vasos (2012) Found the risk of schizophrenia was 2.37 times greater in cities than it was in the countryside, probably due to stress levels. It is also used as a basis for the ICD (International Classification of Diseases) used by the World Health Organisation in classifying all disorders (mental and physical). Hickling (1999) the stress of urban living made African-Carribean immigrants in Britain 8 to 10 times more likely to experience schizophrenia. Side effects are less severe where patients are taking a reduced dose, as many do today, but this can reduce the effectiveness of the drug as well. For example, it suggests that schizophrenic behavior is the cause of environmental factors such as cognitive factors. They are a form of behavioral therapy where desirable behaviors are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement and is based on operant conditioning. CBT may involve challenging the validity of beliefs, which may interfere with freedom of thought. 3. , AQA A level Psychology paper 3 7182/3 14th June 2019 , AQA A Level Psychology Paper 3 7182/3 - 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat] , AQA A Level Psychology 2022 Predictions (Paper 3) . Although this study showed that children with a biological parent were still at greater risk even if they had been adopted into families with no history of schizophrenia, all reported cases of schizophrenia occurred in families rated as disturbed. In London the rate remained at 20%, suggesting neither group had a valid definition of schizophrenia. Cognitive approaches do not explain the causes of cognitive deficits where they come from in the first place. However, group Bs scores suggest a positively skewed distribution as the mean (26) is higher than both the median (22.5) and the mode (16). They did not believe that schizophrenia was a disease. Inherited factors that make some individuals more likely to develop a certain behaviour or mental disorder. The entire evaluation of Schizophrenia (AQA A-level Psychology) 33.39 5.49. 11 Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. Since their are problems with the validity of diagnois classification, unsuitable treatment may be administered, sometimes on an involuntary Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! In order to explain schizophrenia effectively it would be better to take an interactionist approach, such as the diathesis stress model. Preconscious thought (thought that occurs without awareness) contains a huge amount of information from our senses that would normally be filtered. There have also been ethical concerns as such a process is seen to be dehumanising, subjecting the patient to a regime which takes away their right to make choices. b) Explain one reason why there might be a problem of bias and generalisation in this study. Diagnosis refers to the assigning of a label of a disorder to a patient. Words may become confused and sentences incoherent (so called word salad). Of these, only 1 study showed improvement in symptoms and behavioural change in patients. It is very difficult to separate out the influence of nature-v-nurture.
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