(1982) Fonetika Tabasaranskogo jazyka. , & A. J. P. J. 23: 120. It is also not possible to definitively state the number of Bantu languages with clicks; clicks may occur in some varieties and not others, as in the case of Fwe K402 (Pakendorf et al. The center portion of the tongue is then lowered while the two main closures are maintained (timesteps 23), enlarging the volume of the space between them. R. A. Create a chart to keep track of your information. Bresch (2016) How Intonations Interact with Tones in Embosi (Bantu C25), a Two-Tone Language Without Downdrift. J. D. Nayak , Both surveys reveal a great deal of variety across Bantu languages. (2011) Articulatory and Acoustic Characteristics of Whistled Fricatives in Changana. Linguistique africaine Paris: Socit des Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France avec le concours du Groupe dEtudes et de Recherches en Linguistique Applique, Universit Nationale du Rwanda. & ), Handbook of Speech Production, 477504. Guthrie, M. Figure 3.2 a thorough treatment of both the syntactic and semantic characteristics of the external and internal arguments. Monaka, K. C. Pharyngealised vowels occur in a few other Bantu languages including Gyele A801 (Blench 2011) and Jarawan Bantu (Rueck et al. 2007, Miller et al. In This would therefore be an important counter-example to the more common pattern found in labial-velar doubly articulated segments in other languages in which the labial closure is formed very slightly later (1015 ms) than the velar one. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Figure 3.3 (1997) A Dialectometrical Analysis of the Main Kavango Languages: Kwangali, Gciriku and Mbukushu. L. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Paper presented at Special Workshop on Areal Features and Linguistic Reconstruction, 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 2326 March, 2016, University of California, Berkeley. 2017: 20, Gunnink forthcoming), and may have even been lost where they were once attested. (eds. A rapid reduction in the number of click contrasts occurred more than 100 years ago in the far-flung varieties of Nguni known as Ngoni N12 (Elmslie 1891, Spiss 1904, Doke 1954); Ngoni speakers subsequently shifted from Nguni to languages of the Manda N10 group (Maho 2003). Miscellanea Phonetica In Ngungwel B72a, there are three oral and three nasal vowels in prefixes [e a o e ]. Maho, J. F. Note that languages of Malawi and Tanzania are not shown on the map in 32(2): 161171. Kula Language Matters Figure 3.1 (2000) An Explanation of Bantu Vowel Height Harmony in Terms of a Pre-Bantu Nasalized Vowel Lowering. | Privacy policy Figure 3.24 The distances along the axes are scaled to reflect auditory/perceptual intervals; F2 is plotted using a logarithmic scale. Acoustic evidence for tongue root retraction of vowels in several Bantu languages has been provided by Starwalt (2008). ), Advances in African Linguistics, 265280. , (eds. (1995) Language Contact and Language Change: The Case for chiTumbuka in Northern Malawi. Davey, A. & Merrill Ladefoged G.-M. M. N. Fehn Meeussen, A. E. 29(2): 101114. Haacke, W. H. G. Nasal vowels in the stem are reported to have the qualities [ & A.-M. EPG frames showing a dental click spoken by a male Zulu S42 speaker. As a rough rule of thumb, vowels with a first formant lower than 400 Hz may be considered high vowels in a female voice. Lee 1987). Canberra: Australian Speech Science and Technology Association. South African Journal of African Languages Zulu S42 and Xhosa S41 have dental //, alveolar lateral // and apical post-alveolar // click types. A. These vowels bring to mind the super-high or super-close vowels /i u/ used by Meeussen (1967, 1969) and Guthrie (1967, 1970a, 1970b, 1971) and notated as / / by Meinhof (1899), in addition to normal high /i u/. Jessen, M. Passy, P. (1992) tude du systeme vocalique fang par rsonance magntique. High tones tend to fall on the antepenult in Nguni S40 languages such as Xhosa S41, though the penult is stressed/lengthened (Downing 2010). Figure 3.13 Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. ), Supplemental Proceedings of Phonology 2013, 110. (2003) Kilimanjaro Bantu (E60 and E74). The phonetic shapes of tone sequences can usually be modeled on the basis of the position and height of local H targets, with the Low tones treated as automatically filled valleys between these points. Abry Following Traill et al. Miller, A. Proceedings of the North Eastern Linguistic Society (2014) Clicks, Concurrency and Khoisan. London: SOAS. (forthcoming) for a description of the methodology used to obtain the images. A. Guthrie, M. Mous 2(4): 685729. 17: 3965. N. C. , (2015) Prehistoric Language Contact in the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Area: Khoisan Influence on Southwestern Bantu Languages. We are using cookies to provide statistics that help us give you the best experience of our site. Mickey (eds. In One of the most striking things about clicks in Bantu is the lack of respect for place distinctions when few categorical contrasts exist. /, / This is usually discussed as a contrast between advanced and retracted (or neutral) tongue root position, i.e., ATR. Editor of. (1999a) Downdrift and Pitch Range in Chichewa Intonation. . Clicks have been reported to occur in Ikuhane, or Botswanan Subiya (Ndana et al. 36(2): 193232. & In this variety, lexical stems are marked by a strong tendency for V1 and V2 to be identical except if V2 is /a/, when /i a o u/ are all relatively common as V1, but /e / are not. The verb also carries the subject and object prefixes. Lindemann Final lowering associated with a L% boundary tone at the end of a sentence in Ngazidja G44a is often associated with a devoiced final syllable (Patin 2016). Hyman, L. M. (2012) Acoustic Properties of Implosives in Bantu Mpiemo. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 167194. Evidently more study of the phonetic and sociolinguistic variation in this area would be of great interest. The context-free liberty to vary place of articulation of clicks in some Bantu languages is rarely encountered with other classes of consonants. The palatal click type may be found as a variant of // used in child-directed speech in Zulu and Xhosa (Bradfield 2014: 27). H. S. Dalsagaard, P. , Noun class systems are universal and almost always marked by prefixes, occasionally by suffixes. (2016) Tone and Intonation in Chichewa and Tumbuka. Figure 3.18 Rialland Maddieson, I. Tsoutios (1980) The Depression Feature in Nguni Languages and Its Interaction with Tone. The book discusses the phonetic and morphological characteristics of these 2 zones and a classification of the groups, clusters and dialects is provided. /) as well as glottalised and ejected clicks (e.g., / R. Traill, A. & C. In Zulu S42, the phonetic effects of depressor consonants on pitch differ from pitch lowering effects caused by implosive consonants (Chen & Downing 2011). (1999) Shekgalagari Laryngeal Contrasts: The Plosives. & Corpus studies of Bantu languages are currently few in number (Prinsloo & de Schryver 2001, Niesler et al. . Source: Images made available by Bryan Gick (cf. It is found in Malawi, where, since 1968, it has served as the national language; in Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. vowels may thus be misinterpreted as being lower than the [+ATR] mid vowels, but the high F1 values may be instead attributed to a retracted tongue root position. Riera F. A. Miller, A. Cape Town: University of Cape Town, PhD dissertation. van Schaik. Except in post-nasal environments and sometimes before his reconstructed super-high vowels, the reconstructed voiced plosives most commonly correspond to voiced continuants of one type or another or to implosives in the modern languages. During this time, rarefaction is occurring. African Studies Bonny Sands, Print publication date: February 2019 Informa UK Limited, an Informa Group Company Home | About RHO | Collections Figure 3.1 The waveform of an intervocalic bilabial implosive in Tonga S62 is shown in Staubs Miller, A. & Ndinga-Koumba-Binza 2017); from Nguni (primarily Zulu S42), they subsequently spread into other SEB languages (Letele 1945, Bailey 1995). Philippson Both languages have contrasts of vowel quantity and compensatory lengthening of vowels before prenasalised stops, but there are interesting differences between the two. There is no overlap in the closures for the two segments, except optionally in the case of the nasal sequence /m/. This study shows that the F0 associated with depressors is lower than a low tone, and the lowest pitch is centred on the depressor consonants themselves. Summary. & Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , Figure 3.14 Starwalt, C. (2005) Phonetic Analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu Using South African Speech Databases. Spectrogram of Rwanda JD61 imwa [im For an ordinary pulmonic stop, peak pressure behind the closure ranges between about 5 and 20 hPa, depending on the loudness of the voice. The current variation between clicks and velars in Imusho Fwe may eventually lead to the loss of clicks in the variety altogether, as clicks are replaced by velars. Faytak, M. Pascoe Thanassoula (2002) Phonetic Characteristics of an Unexploded Palatal Implosive in Hendo. Amsterdam: Institute for Functional Research into Language and Language Use. (1997) Aspects of Yeyi Diachronic Phonology. L. J. van der Hulst, H. G. S. . Nurse, D. Downing, L. J. Zamba C322 and Ganda JE15 raise a final High tone in question prosody. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. a/. Fehn Since the Bantu languages have received very extensive historical analysis, this group of languages also provides a fertile field for examining inferences about the nature of phonetic sound change. Clicks have also been reported to occur in Chopi S61 (Bailey 1995) and in the Mzimba variety of Tumbuka N21 (Moyo 1995). (2008) The Acoustic Correlates of ATR Harmony in Seven- and Nine-Vowel African Languages: A Phonetic Inquiry Into Phonological Structure. 2003), though they are typically produced with an abrupt or unaffricated release in Khoisan languages. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Hubbard (1994, 1995) suggests that the difference from Ganda is related to the fact that lengthened vowels count in a different way in tone assignment rules in these languages. Miller, A. Ms. Jos: Rycroft, D. K. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Some speakers of Southern Ndebele S407 have a reduced click inventory (Schulz & Laine 2016). (2010) More on Post-Nasal Devoicing: The Case of Shekgalagari. , The one spectrogram of a word containing /pk/ published in this study actually shows that the duration of the element is considerably longer than a simple stop, suggesting it contains a sequence of articulations, although no burst is visible for the /p/. The contact of the front of the tongue is asymmetrical, as the side of the tongue opposite to where the release will be made is braced contra-laterally against the palate. Laprie (1990) Depression Without Depressors. ), Le kinyarwanda (langue bantu du Rwanda): tudes linguistiques, 5573. P. Glasgow: University of Glasgow, retrieved from. Pitch effects of depressor nasals in the Giryama E72a words /nhane/ eight (left panel) and ideophone /nho/ (right panel). (2015) Illustrations of the IPA: Bemba. Volume 1: The Comparative Linguistics of the Bantu Languages. I must now turn to a more detailed consideration of one Greenberg's language families and the word-lists which appear to be basic evidence. This coding system has become the standard for identifying Bantu languages; it was the only practical way to distinguish many ambiguously named languages before the introduction of ISO 639-3 coding, and it continues to be widely used. T. J. Shona S10 and Kalanga S16 are also marked by the occurrence of a type of labialisation co-produced with alveolar fricatives which have led to these segments being named whistled, or whistling fricatives (Doke 1931a, Bladon et al. Wetzels, L. W. (2014) Evaluating Vowel Normalisation Procedures: A Case Study on Southern Sotho Vowels. Dickens, P. (ed. & Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. (1989) Relatrio do I Seminrio sobre a Padronizao da Ortografia de Lnguas Moambicanas. 2002, Bostoen 2008). Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences S. Fry, C. 28(2): 215239. Recording courtesy of Constance Kutsch Lojenga. 5: 105111. Bantu languages provide an opportunity to compare phonetic differences between fairly large numbers of related languages. B. , Thornell Strasbourg: Institut de Phonetique, available online: Miller, A. (1899) Grundri einer Lautlehre der Bantusprachen nebst Anleitung zur Aufnahme von Bantusprachen Anhang : Verzeichnis von Bantuwortstmmen , The RTR vowel shows more tongue root retraction than the ATR vowel while the ATR vowel (on top) shows more of a bunched tongue shape. ), Studies in Compensatory Lengthening. Miller, A. Based on shared characteristics and on territorial contiguity, Guthrie grouped the Bantu languages into 15 geographical (and partly genetical) zones. Kawahara H. Olson, K. , Despite the fact that the lexical tone after the depressor is high (Rycroft 1981), the onset F0 is about 30 Hz lower than the low tone onset after the non-depressor, and a rapid pitch fall begins during the vowel which precedes the depressor. The click in the second syllable has a dorsal release that is closer in time to the release of the anterior click closure. Jouannet, F. South African Journal of African Languages Only Guthrie's Zone S is (sometimes) considered to be a genealogical group. Hombert However, the original notion of a depressor consonant is quite different from this expanded use. Austin, P. K. The chapter is organised into sections on vowels, consonants and prosody. Palatogram of [ana] spoken by a Soga JE16 speaker. Poulos, G. & Summary. also illustrates the fact that depression is not necessarily associated with voicing as both /h/ and /h/ are voiceless (Downing & Gick 2001, Downing 2009). 21: 327. There is often only one contrastive liquid, i.e., /l/, // or /r/, though Chaga E60 is among those with more (Davey et al. In Washington, DC: Linguistic Society of America. Berkeley: University of California Press. Haacke, W. H. G. Figure 3.6 In Zulu, for instance, the lexical function is shown in the contrast between yng doctor and yng moon or yl refuse and yl begin. The grammatical function is illustrated in mnt person and mnt it is a person or nghlnz I wash and nghlnz I washing (the participial form). Figure 3.20 I. Myers, S. Ziervogel, D. A. Sitoe, B. Carstens, V. Maddieson, I. Ladefoged, P. Gick, B. The last of these was often described as palatal in older literature. (eds. Borland, C. H. 54: 93108. C. J. Elordieta Sande A. Malambe, G. B. Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University. , African Studies Maddieson Dental and alveolar implosives and clicks may display constriction patterns that differ from those of corresponding pulmonic stops. & She suggests that elements like the /pk/ which evolves from earlier or underlying /pw/ are pronounced with almost fully overlapped closures and their duration is similar to that of simple /k/ and /p/ segments, i.e., they are [pk, bg]. One language is used as the type for each group, for the purpose of . Traill, A. The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015. Figure 3.22 You can find out more in our Privacy Policy. (1985) Le kesukuma (langue bantoue de Tanzanie): phonologie, morphologie. Contour tones may be restricted to heavy syllables. (1998) The Phonetic Nature of voiceless Nasals in Pokomo: Implications for Sound Change. Aborobongui Journal of Phonetics Comparison of selected vowel and consonants lengths in Ganda JE15 and Sukuma F21 (see text for explanation). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Another language with a vowel length contrast, Vili H12, lengthens vowels before liquids (in the environment /C_L/) and before nasals /C_N/ (Roux & Ndinga-Koumba-Binza 2011), but not before NC (Ndinga-Koumba-Binza 2011). Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research , Wentzel Vossen, R. (2005) Vowel Duration and Neutralization of Vowel Length Contrasts in Kinyarwanda. In . Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Riallands (2007) survey includes seven different prosodic types found in Bantu languages, the most common being the use of register expansion along with the reduction of downdrift. The ATR/RTR contrast in Nande JD42 is also suggested by the harmonic behaviour and acoustic characteristics of vowels. Although its true that many languages within the Bantu group are phonetically quite similar to each other, there is considerably more diversity in their phonetic patterns than is often believed. Sands In the South-West, the area near where the borders of Namibia, Angola, Botswana and Zambia meet, the largest number of clicks is found in Yeyi R41. 33(3): 261272. Whistled Fricatives in Southern Bantu. F. 1981, Poulos 1990). 71(1): 5081. 19(2): 113135. Omissions? Africana Linguistica (ed. (eds. The word papyrus may also be articulated with a velar stop in place of the click [rukoma], as seen in Thomas-Vilakati confirms that the velar closure always precedes the front closure; this accounts for the fact that nasals preceding clicks assimilate in place to velar position, and corrects a misobservation by Doke (1926), who believed the front closure was formed first: the velar closure must be released after the front closure for the click mechanism to work, but it could in principle be formed later. (2013) The Impact of Khoesan on Southern Bantu. (2002) Bantu Cologne Reconstructions 3. Pretoria: University of South Africa, UNISA Press. London: Gregg International. ), Oxford Handbook of Information Structure, 790813. The patterning of tones in many Bantu languages resembles that of pitch-accent systems. Figure 3.5 , For instance, /u/ and /o/ are produced as the lower and more centralised vowels [] and [], respectively (Duke & Martin 2012: 220). 1989, Sitoe 1996), but their functional load in these lects is not well known. Source: Recording made available by Hilde Gunnink. P. There are several hundred Bantu languages. (2006) Just Put Your Lips Together and Blow? ), Rhotics: New Data and Perspectives, 173190. (1970b) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. Narrowing the pharynx raises the first formant, other things being equal. It has even been used for those which may simply block a raising or high-tone spreading process. (1999) The Phonetic Status of the Labial Flap. Vol. Figure 3.3 M. Liu van der Merwe Post-alveolar clicks have the greatest rarefaction, lateral clicks the least, perhaps because the contra-lateral bracing of the tongue in the lateral clicks may constrain the amount of tongue-center lowering that is possible. Vietti ), Nasals, Nasalization and the Velum, 251301. Source: Recording made available by Daniel Duke and Marieke Martin. Librarian resources Corrections? J. (1923) A Dissertation on the Phonetics of the Zulu Language. Traill, A. Mongo-Nkundu C61 has reduction of final lowering, while Zulu S42 and Southern Sotho S33 cancel penultimate lengthening in question prosody. Updates? ), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society P. A. However, these standardised transcriptions may disguise significant differences between languages, especially with respect to the nature of the vowels written /e/ and /o/. Book Description. Online publication date: January 2019. Production of a lateral click is illustrated in Fragment C is the voiced portion of the vowel /a/. Phonologists often use [ATR] as a diacritic feature, even to distinguish pairs of vowels such as i/ in English beat/bit where tongue root position is not the phonetic mechanism involved. . Engstrand and Lodhi (1985) study one such contrast in Swahili G42 and Monaka (2001, 2005) examines a three-way contrast in Kgalagari S311. A. In both cases aspects of timing are particularly relevant. Figure 3.31 (eds. There is a raising process in Xhosa S41, which results in higher variants of /e o/ when /i u/ occur in the next syllable. , M. J. Pretoria: Via Afrika. F. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand Press. Figure 3.16 It can be predicted from tongue body position: front vowels have wider pharynx than back vowels, lower vowels have narrower pharynx than higher vowels. Figure 3.4 Figure 3.9 The small arrows on the waveform show a distinct anterior and dorsal burst on the first click. Lukusa, S. T. M. Phonetica This suggests that speakers of the same language may differ in the degree to which they use tongue root position to contrast vowels that are described as differing in the phonological feature [ATR]. Figure 3.12 Journal of West African Languages , ), Handbook of Click Languages. M. de Schryver Journal of Phonetics Emily M. Variation in the realisation of voiceless nasals is at least in part correlated with position in a word. (2001) Whispery Voiced Nasal Stops in Rwanda. K. The upper pharyngealised vowels of Kwasio A81 do not have the harsh voice quality associated with lower pharyngealised vowels, i.e., epiglottalised or aryepiglottalised vowels, as found in Tuu, Kxa and Khoe languages of southern Africa (cf. Ndinga-Koumba-Binza, H. S. Manuel, S. Y. Y. Yeyi R41 has eight different accompaniments (Fulop et al. (eds. , Faytak, M. Narayanan Tlale For instance, a contrast between HL and LH contours is restricted to long vowels in Rwanda JD61 (Myers 2003). 3. Kerremans, R. 39(2): 129161. Journal of the International Phonetic Association These data suggest that transcription of this vowel set as [i e a o u], as in Heerbaart Volume 1: Phonologie. Map. Seifert This process does not result in double articulations that are almost totally overlapped, as in labial-velars, but sequential articulations which are overlapped either not at all or no more than is typical of sequences such as /tk/ or /pk/ in English words like fruitcake or hopkiln. On the other hand, it does produce rather unusual consonant sequences in onset positions. Another nine-vowel Bantu language is Liko D201 (De Wit 2015: 45). Figure 3.32 ed. & Khumalo Carleton, T. Hendrikse Mabuta , (1978) Experimental Study of Implosive and Voiced Egressive Stops in Shona: An Interim Report. 2014:165). The article of Paulian (1994) does include a few words with short nasalised vowels in stems, but these may be misprints. J. C. Thomas-Vilakati, K. D. Our recommended IPA transcription and corresponding Zulu S42 orthographic symbols is given in Meinhof, C. . Tonal contrasts and vowel length contrasts are often restricted to stem-initial syllables (Downing 2010). ed. net. That is, the back non-low vowels are rounded, and the low and front vowels are unrounded. (Nabirye et al. Medjo Mv, P. Montlahuc Peter M. Boyer Ultrasound images of Nande JD42 vowels a) ATR /e/ b) RTR /e/, taken along the mid-sagittal plane. 121(15): 21202152. A. Though most Bantu languages are reported as having voiced and voiceless series of plosives, three-way contrasts in plosives based on Voice Onset Time (VOT) do occur. Reports and Papers, 235264. Closure durations and timing relations in the three click types of Zulu S42; means for voiceless clicks in three vowel environments spoken by three speakers, adapted from Thomas-Vilakati (2010). Kuperus, J. 2017), but they have not been documented in Namibian or Zambian varieties (Baumbach 1997: 311, Jacottet 1896). Language Sciences Nagano-Madsen, Y. Figure 3.17 T. C. Voiceless, voiced, prenasalised and even aspirated stops may all pattern as depressor consonants (Chen & Downing 2011, Cibelli 2015, Lee 2015). Vowel length contrasts occur in some Bantu languages, which may or may not be accompanied by changes in vowel quality and/or various processes of vowel lengthening (cf. Berkeley: University of California, PhD dissertation. T. J. 2016). Ladefoged, P. Glasgow: University of Glasgow. Van de Velde, M. It is difficult to be certain that ATR contrasts exist in a language unless direct articulatory data on the vocal tract configuration during vowel production is available. M. In Zulu S42, implosive [] tends to have a shorter closure duration and lower amplitude burst than plosive [b] (Naidoo 2010). Boyer, O. (2016a) Intonation in African Tone Languages. (2015) Mid Vowel Assimilation in siSwati. ygis In Note that the back of the mouth is found on the left side of an ultrasound image, but on the right side of an MRI image. (2016) Information Structure in Bantu Languages. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. In Rwanda JD61, there is anticipatory coarticulation of tone, with the F0 of a syllable being affected by a High tone in a later syllable (Myers 2003). In By Malcolm Guthrie, Ph.D. Work in Progress Phonetics Laboratory University of Reading 36: 721734. Exter Source: Recording and images made available by Michael Proctor. Source: Data from Ngessimo Mutaka; measurements by the first author. (1997) Essai sur la phonologie panchronique des parlers fang du Gabon et ses implications historiques. Chebanne (2000) A Course in Phonetics, 4th edition. Makasso, E.-M. The Kalanga S16 vowel pairs transcribed /i e/ and /u o/, which are acoustically equally as high as the Vove B305 pairs, differ in both F1 and F2. Dorsal closures for all three click types in Thomas-Vilakatis data are held for about 175 milliseconds, but the front closures show some significant timing differences. T. Roux, J. C. J. ), The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, Chapter 14. Print ISBN: 9781138799677 Resources listed below are intended to contribute to foundational awareness of potential cultural and linguistic influences. Nordic Journal of African Studies In this and following figures of the same type, the origin of the axes is in the upper right, with first formant (F1) values increasing down from the origin, and second formant (F2) values increasing to the left. & Ndana, Ndana 2009b, Miller 2010, 2016). who has little or no knowledge of the Bantu languages with enough information to adequately understand the subsequent acquisition chapters. A particularly rare phenomenon reported in Hendo C82 involves the class 5 prefix, which is actually the reflex of the Proto-Bantu augment *di- followed by the noun prefix *i- (cf. Figure 3.19 (1976) Question Formation in Some Bantu Languages. Figure 3.8 , (2011) Perceived Vowel Duration in Civili: Minimal Pairs and the Effect of Post-Vocalic Voicing. Riad, T. M.-L. There are many important interactions between these three aspects of phonetic structure and some of these will be taken up at the point where it seems appropriate to do so. (eds. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand Press. T. N. Zulu S42 has four different accompaniments to its three click types: plain (voiceless unaspirated), voiceless aspirated, voiced and voiced nasalised. (Available online at. She shows that voiceless palatal and velar stops tend to have longer VOT measurements than bilabial, dental or uvular stops (Monaka 2005). In While the deviations from the "pure" type are recognized, this typological method is the chief one utilized in untangling the complex African linguistic situation. Dental and lateral clicks are sometimes called noisy, affricated, or pre-affricated (Roux 2007), while the (post-)alveolar is described as abrupt or unaffricated. Palatal clicks in Yeyi R41 are somewhat fricated (Fulop et al. African Languages and Cultures Wissing, D. & 25(4): 243257. ), The Complete Linguist: Papers in Memory of Patrick J. Dickens, 135170. Figure 3.1 Figure 3.21 One Bantu language, Swahili, is used as a lingua franca in East Africa by about 50 to 100 million people. Note that the tongue tip is on the right and the tongue root on the left, the reverse of the images in Figure 3.6. Diachronica Namaseb Monakas detailed study combines acoustic data with data about larynx height and vocal fold vibrations obtained using a laryngograph. Bennett, W. G. & Demolin et al. Tswana S31 has a voiceless uvular affricate and voiceless uvular fricative (Bennett et al. I. Jacottet, E. (2002) An Acoustic Study of Contrasting Plosives and Click Accompaniments in Xhosa. By Malcolm. Matumbi P13 has been claimed to have super-close vowels /i u/ (Odden 1996: 5), but the description of the contrast between /i u/ and /i u/ as being roughly equivalent to the contrast between [], [] and [i], [u] suggests that the vowels likely contrast tongue root position (ATR) rather than tongue height. Pretoria: van Schaik. Figure 3.14 Two examples from Giryama E72a are illustrated in & J. I. (2016) Illustrations of the IPA: Setswana (South African). This term was originally applied to consonants which have a particularly salient lowering effect on the pitch of the voice in their neighbourhood (Lanham 1958). Lyon: Universit Lyon 2, thse de doctorat. The maxima in The Xhosa S41 voiced clicks are breathy or slack voiced (Jessen & Roux 2002) and may even be devoiced (Maphalala et al. A. Y. (2010) Coproduction and Coarticulation in IsiZulu Clicks. (eds.) Hannah Heins In Downing, L. J. Pharyngealised vowels /i u o a/ have been reported for Kwasio A81 (Duke & Martin 2012). Bo (2011) Interaction of Variables in the Civili Vowel Duration. D. & 59: 150179. A. Kingston, J. Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation, 885889. & 2024, Kyoto. Kerremans 1980). Mbochi C25, which does not have downdrift, still has final lowering due to a L% boundary tone (Rialland & Aborobongui 2016). The most extensive body of work on the phonetics of tone in a single Bantu language concerns Chewa N31b (Carleton 1996, Myers 1996, Myers & Carleton 1996, Myers 1999a, b). The 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVII), Hong Kong, August 1721, 2011, 17261729. A. Y. San Diego: Academic Press. The majority of Bantu languages with some notable exceptions, particularly in the North-West have simple-looking systems of five or seven vowels in which the expected relationships between the features of vowel height, backness and rounding hold.
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