Damascus goats in the last stages of pregnancy was similar with
Dairy Sci., 63: 16711680. What are the advantages and disadvantages of semi intensive farming? Bull.45, Agric. management decisions and improving sheep and goat
condition at mating, achieved over a longer period i.e. The herds are however regularly moved in response to seasonal changes in the quality of pasture and the tsetse-fly challenge, or in an attempt to exploit seasonal the availability of pasture. from 7 kg of goat's milk (Economides, 1982). Semi-intensive System: The semi-intensive system is mid-way between intensive and extensive system. The voluntary intake of
Usually, the stocking density for a semi-intensive poultry housing system is 4-5 birds m.sq. 1985. When milk yield per sheep per milking varied from 140700 g, hand
59, Agr. milk (4% ) 7.5MJME and 5.2MJME are required, respectively. What are disadvantages of semi intensive system? A post-mortem study of another major abattoir based in Lagos, Nigeria, between 2004 and 2007 showed that the slaughtered cattle portends a health risk to beef consumers as about 1.91% of the slaughtered cattle had lesions of diseases comprising tuberculosis, fascioliasis, internal myasis, dermatophilosis and cystercosis [38,30]. European Cooperative Research Subnetwork meeting
Livestock research development: development of the Nigerias livestock industry will not magically occur, but through conscientious efforts in livestock research. there is a weakness in the institutional frame
The
that from the castrates. the Cyprus
mainly on crop residues and conserved roughage). (iv) Walls can be made of bricks, mud or wood. Ed; P. Morand-Fehr, A; Bourbouie and M. de Simiane. was 8, 13.5and 18.5for
& Hancock, S. 1979. is also necessary. Based on this cattle, sheep and goats, as commonly found in the northern region of Nigeria, are as well found in the southern part of the country, though in less proportion to that of the northern region. Bull. Learn how your comment data is processed. In addition, the agropastoralists often act as brokers in establishing cattle tracks and negotiation of camping of herds on farms, whereby crop residues can be exchanged for valuable manure, and as well for rearing of work animals, all of which add value to overall agricultural production. Tuscon, Arizona, U.S.A. Skjevdal, T. 1982. animals is improved and higher inputs used with the
Inst. Can banks make loans out of their required reserves? A semi-intensive production system was tested in Guadeloupe (FWI) with meat Creole goats grazing on Digitaria decumbens, Different experiments took place with suckling does and growing goats after weaning, The pasture was fertilized and irrigated, Does were mated 3 times in 2 years, Semi-intensive management of both animals and pastures allowed high levels of productivity per goat or per ha . varies widely both in quantity and quality. The fold units must be removed daily to a new place of grassland and must not be returned for at least 30 days to any piece that has been used. of great importance. Based the use of low-level systematic aerial surveys (Bourn, Milligan & Wint, 1986). The main advantages are more financial services under one roof. (vii) Under confined management system, loose housing system is preferred. Goat management practices include grazing, feeding, reproduction, health care, etc. This suggests that good practices and cross breeding with the exotic breeds of desirable quality stand the chance of enhancing the countrys livestock development. Hand or machine milking after
Tech. Gaili,
system within each production system, genetic potential of the breeds, biological constraints etc. than lambs. This will help overcoming the shortage of chevon or goat meat in the state. Anim. in intensive systems may rely on large quantities of crop residues or on small
While the sheep and goats are highly prized for cultural heritage in the southwest Nigeria, cattle is of much significance among the Hausa/Fulani in the northern region. Map of Nigeria showing the natural division into three regions by rivers Niger and Benue, Map of Nigeria showing the six geopolitical zones in the country for political administration, By Kamil Hakan Dogan and Serafettin Demirci. In guyana and the caribbean farmer provides housing for thr animals allows them to feed on natural vegetation . 1974. slaughter weight of lambs and kids depends on the desired carcass quality and
3341. However, the implementation of the intensive system results in higher . The level of nutrition is just optimum and better than that under extensive system. This situation thus accounted for the need to guide the cattle on grazing over a wide range of vegetations. 1976. The fodder bank alternative however mainly benefits selected animals as not all animals are allowed to graze the bank. However, live goats and sheep are much more easily acquired by individuals in relation to cattle owing to market price differentials between the small and large ruminants. Jordan. The extensive management system is however largely applied for the WAD sheep and goats than for other breeds such as Balami, Uda and Yakansa breeds of sheep; and Sokoto Red goats in southwest Nigeria. Klopfenstein, T. 1978. On another note, ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection of the ruminants, particularly cattle, meant for slaughtering across the major abattoirs in the country further underline the poor state of ruminant, especially cattle, management in the country. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. We have tried to link all Information & Services together to help you locate them faster. As part of mechanical treatment of pests in cattle health management, ticks are usually removed by hand from the animals about twice or thrice weekly (Maina, 1986). intensive systems of production the performance of
on Goat Production, Reading 910
following four management systems can be
Feeders and waterers are attached along the side of each unit in such a way that they can be fed from outside. Although, the animals may feed on freely available pasture and forages, these systems exposed the livestock to environmental dangers, ranging across stealing and death of the animals [27]. 40, Agric. 75: 183187. A series of experiments carried out in Cyprus (Louca,
Each bird is allowed an area of 5 per square feet. Evaluation of targeted drenching using Famacha method in Creole goat: Reduction of anthelmintic use, and effects on kid production and pasture contamination. offered a high level of energy (27.8MJME/goat/day) during
Hadjipanayiotou, M. 1982. The
Tech. Inst., Nicosia, Cyprus. 20:
It is a more economical use of land in comparison to the free-range system. Under this system, each goat required 1 square metres of space. . Energy intake is the most
Poor marketing system is one of the bane livestock development in the country, whereby the animals are locally sold either directly as live animal or meat. Morag, M., Raz, A. Although, no breed of cattle is peculiar to the southern humid region of Nigeria, the available cattle in the region was largely due to settlement of the Hausa/Fulani pastoralists, who constitute the main cattle rearers, in the region. In addition to this is need for better development of better grazing system and management practices in the countrys livestock sector. It is a house and a run combined in which the birds live all the time. (ii) It must be well ventilated and kept dry. Inst. The system needs little initial capital outlay but large labour requirement. According to Dipeolu (2010), livestock farmers may experience total loss of stock in death, or partial losses (through morbidity) in which the productivity of the animals becomes greatly reduced. On the same note, [24,29] stress that farm animals kept under the extensive and semi-intensive management systems are burdened with high incidence of diseases, parasites, low productivity and small contribution to households earnings. It requires less capital investments but more labour. Similarly, the social scientist, especially the economists, will help to ascertain the economic implications of the innovations and the market driving force for ensuring efficient production and marketing of livestock and its products. & Lindahl, I.L.1973. Wld. are required, respectively. dressing percentage and chemical fat content were increased by fattening in the feedlot (E.S.E. Management
[12] The exclusive pastoralists do not grow crops but simply depend on sales of their ruminants and dairy products to meet their food needs. by the farmers either because some of the data obtained in developed temperate countries are not appropriate for the
Cereal straw is an important
The ante-mortem inspection of cattle to be slaughtered at a major abattoir in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria, between 1990 and 1994 showed that between 2.4% and 6.3% of the slaughtered cattle were pregnant (Dipeolu (2010). Feed intake, daily gain and feed efficiency of lambs
Due to its high demand and good economic prospects, commercial goat farming under intensive or semi-intensive system has been gaining momentum for the past few years. matter in the early stage of life to 12% at liveweights
1983. in pregnancy toxaemia in sheep and goats. Sci.,46: 841848. 1 & 2). The implication of the poor health management of the ruminants, as [36], include reduction in the number of animals kept by them livestock farmers, poor productivity in terms of birth rate, increased cost of production in terms of transporting and treating the sick animals as well as cost of pest and disease control to prevent epidemic outbreak. Edinburgh. National Research Council, 1975. Either
Unlike the small ruminants that could be left to freely range about all alone, cattle are never left all alone to freely graze about or scavenge, but are conscientiously guided by the rearers in the search for pasture and water; and thereafter, are securely checked into the provided shelter. Sheep: Nigeria has a population of about 8 to13.2million sheep out of which about 3.4million are found the southern/humid region and the larger proportion of the animal in the northern region of the country. ). They positively impact local socio-economic activities, playing an essential role in the maintenance of rural communities, on ecosystems, and in the . Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. Amsterdam-Oxford-New York. India (Shiarma, 1982) the milk yield of goats is
Semi-intensive system Intensive system Extensive system- This system is mainly practiced in large tracts of Deccan Plateau where there are hills and large areas of land unable to be cultivated. Other houses having slatted or wire floors may require less space per bird. by increasing the available land and thus increasing roughage production or by
Nicosia, Cyprus 5pp. housing(iv) Ensures fair distribution of manure (waste) which is used for fertilizer(v) It is difficult to implement a planned breeding programme(vi) There is little effort to control pests(vii) Animals fall victim to thieves and predators(viii) It is difficult to control disease outbreak(ix) Lots of efforts needed in controlling the animals(x) Productivity of animal is low i.e. Publishing Co. Amsterdam-Oxford-New York. Specifically about 90 percent of the countrys cattle population and 70 percent of the sheep and goat populations are concentrated in northern region of the country. cattle management system of farming are very complicated in the sense that it is capital intensive. Out of these four major of breeds of sheep in the country, the WAD breed is common to southern region against the widespread of Balami, Uda and Yakansa breeds in the northern region of the country. Cooperative Research Sub-network
It is desirable to provide at least two runs for alternating use to avoid build up of disease and parasites. Goat Production. The transhumant pastoralists [25], often have a permanent homestead and base at where the older members of the community remain throughout the year. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Crop
Nicosia, Cyprus 7pp. relation to animal numbers in each country is necessary. & Ridgman, W.J.1969. Goats are thirsty animals and must drink around 4 liters of water daily. " You can make money from these animals, " she says. gestation. Although, hardly are the animals under semi-intensive management provided supplements or essential ration for consumption, efforts are made by their keepers to feed them with by-products from farm produce, especially during dry season when pasture are hardly available for free grazing. Livest. Gaili, E.S.E., Ghanem, Y.S.& Mukhtar, A.M.S. Wastes 4:
Bull. teats. only feed efficiency was reduced by urea (Economides, 1981). It involves extensive management but usually with controlled grazing of fenced pasture. Ommission of one daily milking caused a 22% reduction in the milk yield of Chios sheep compared with 1% in Damascus goats
This is further compounded by less utilisation of hay and silage for the animals. Flevohof. The nature and frequency of the relationship are different in sheep and goat farming system according to the management system, i.e., shepherding, intensive system, extensive systems. intermediate. of pregnancy are 1.5MJME/kg foetus/day (H.F.R.O.,1979). Adopted poor management systems for farm animals in Nigeria and most other developing countries certainly accounted for the poor production performance of the local ruminant breeds. concentrates. that during the last 20 years extensive scientific progress has been made towards increasing the efficiency of
Wld. Orskov, E.R.1982. Mid. Large ruminant management system: unlike the small ruminants, hardly is cattle kept on free range/extensive management system in the country but largely on semi-intensive system. Sexual maturity
months in France, Norway and Cyprus (Morand-Fehr, et at., 1982; Skjevdal,
& Eyal, E. 1970. Effort is needed to be put in place to transform marketing structure of the ruminants beyond the direct beef or life animal marketing to exploration of the stock potential for milk and milk-products, and meat and meat-products. Economides, S. 1981. 1984; Wld. The quantity and quality of roughage available will determine the
Anim. doubt that considerable increase in
Other alternative to mitigate the effect of dry season feeding was the establishment of fodder bank whereby legumes are established and properly managed in a concentrated unit [41]. Louca, A., Antoniou, T. & Hadjipanayiotou, M. 1982. As a result of this confinement, medication, water, balanced feed in terms of concentrates, forage plants (soilage) as wel1 as a salt licks to provide the necessary minerals and vitamins are provided. NO ONE WAY IS BEST! twins and yearlings can also make use of the reserved areas. Solid feed intake is negatively related to milk
Devendra, C. 1979. 3. protection of the animal production also inhibit adoption of new methods. Under these conditions grazing sheep and goats respond to energy, protein and phosphorus supplements when
or suckling regime (continuous or restricted) but commercial milk yield was
Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. than lambs. important factor determining milk production in intensive systems,
Goat Production & Disease,
As a matter of fact, [30] maintenance and sustenance of healthiness of farm animals constitutes a major challenge to efficient livestock production among the Nigerian livestock entrepreneurs. (vi) Rotational grazing should be practised to avoid parasites bi up(vii) The environment ought to be c at all times.Common diseases of goat are anthrax, brucellosis, tuberculosis rinderpest, red water fever, etc. As further indicated, the residue accounted for 12.6% of annual grazing time in Abet- a farming area, and for 6.6% in Kurmin-Biri- a grazing reserve. Most of the available ruminants in the country are however of indigenous breeds. P. Morand-Fehr,
This weight
1 What are the advantages and disadvantages of semi intensive farming? improvement of the existing land for increasing production or by supplementary feeding. Animals under this system of management may however become destructive, feeding on whatever eatables that might come their ways, including live crops, during the dry season when pastures must have dried out. If the movable troughs are located in a run, they should be shifted occasionally to avoid over soiling the area with droppings to reduce the amount of feeds filled in the area in one spot which tends to destroy the grass cover. at the Cyprus Agricultural Research Institute showed that machine milking in
4 What are the advantages and disadvantages of intensive farming? The
Social scientists inclusion in livestock research development is crucial as this disciplines helps to ascertain the psychology of the ruminant keepers and their economic status to adopt and adapt generated livestock innovation. conditions a protein supplement
It is true
lambs or kids are mated for the first time when they reach 6080% of
Transhumance pastoral system: this entails rearing of ruminants in settlements with a low level of crop cultivation. days of age was poorer than that of kids suckled ad libitum until the age of 70 days. Make sure goats have access to plenty of fresh water. The system is unsuitable for swampy land or lands liable for flooding. Disadvantages of Intensive Farming Intensive farming involves the use of various kinds of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides. Standardised Website Framework of Govt. The market price of sheep goes for N50, 000 (US$) during the festival period, especially during the Muslim (Idi-el Kabir) celebration. Nat. J. Agric; Sci., Camb., +0: 375379. & Constantinou, A. Calf life-weight and mortality to 1 year of age averaged 103 kg and 22.4% respectively. In addition, a herders stock of animals constitutes his financial base thereby disposing the animals for income generation whenever it is necessary [24]. 1983. Tethering 2. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. During late pregnancy better nutrition is given to
systems and systems of management. Gunn, R.G. 1981. Egan, A.F. thereby inadequate energy intake will precipitate this disorder. Zootech. Semi-intensive system in dairy goat farming. HFRO 4th Report. roughage resource and it's nutritive value can be improved with nitrogen supplementation
Penning, P.D., Cottrell, K.M. 1618, October, 1984. Considerable research work has been carried out with sheep, mainly mutton breeds,
This accounted for preference of extensive and semi-intensive systems of management. (Ed. requirements of the animals. particularly with goats (Economides & Louca, 1981;Morand-Fehr
Advantages of this system are low investments and higher returns, significant savings in feed costs, better meat quality, the meat being lean and fat free compared to broilers grown in confined cages, and better returns to the entrepreneur, says Mr. Semi-intensive system are commonly used by small scale producers and are characterized by having one or more pens in which the birds can forage on natural vegetation and insects to supplement the feed supplied. meeting of FAO European
Nests should also be well littered especially in wet conditions to minimize the soiling of the eggs by the birds muddy feet. subsistence
If dropping boards are used, they should be scrapped clean each morning and droppings removed to a place outside the poultry run. Although, ruminants are generally kept on free range management system, conscientious feeding is provided the farm animals primarily kept for commercial purpose. Hadjipanayiotou, M. & Louca, A. UNITED KINGDOM, Breeds of ruminants characteristics and distribution in Nigeria, Social and economic values of ruminants in Nigeria, Dynamics of ruminant livestock management system in Nigeria, Ruminants pests and diseases and dynamics of management, Ruminant feeds and dynamics of utilization, Future of ruminant livestock development in Nigeria, Livestock development in Nigerian: Policy recommendation, Livestock-Handling Related Injuries and Deaths. Coop.). Prod. Robinson, J.J., Roster, W.H. Grass and Forage Science 37:8993. Common routine measures that can adopted for goat health care and sanitation include:(i) The goat pens and stalls should washed and cleaned daily. Find information about the various schemes being implemented along with the benefits, grants and assistance. The Website design follows an integrated approach with the entire department and its sub-organisations form an Integrated Portal. Veterinary services: pests and diseases portend a major risk to livestock development in Nigeria, as incidence of pests and diseases are common in the countrys livestock system. Anim. on seasonal price trends and also on the liveweight which minimizes total cost per kg carcass. pp275295. forage as possible and satisfy the largest part of
That can be constructed from non-expensive locally available materials and must be strong especially since the corners and handles for these parts bear the stress of frequent shifting. J. Agric. Inst. Depending upon the design of a unit, the birds have reasonable protection against predators and thieves. The same poor management system accounted for poor performance of the exotic breeds imported into the country in the 70 (Blench, 1999). In the last 20 years, transhumant and small intensive farming systems have been increasingly abandoned in favor of the intensive farming system [1]. [20,21] The Sokoto Red produces a daily milk yield of about 0.5 to 1.5kg and 100days of lactation; Sahel goats produce between 0.8 and 1.0kg of milk daily with lactation period of 120days; and the WAD breeds produce about 0.4kg milk per day on a lactation period of 126 days. The lamb
sheep (Orskov, 1982) and of Indian breeds of goats (Sachdeva et al., 1973). The extent of grazing is influenced by the area available and other considerations such as labour and time. It must be of the size and weight which can be moved easily when required. The unit excludes pests, and parasites for example rats and wild birds which often invade permanent buildings and eat feed meant for poultry, and endanger the health of birds. methods of estimating milk yield in sheep and goats
The goats are left to graze and also are provided for feed and water. This helps avoid deuteriation of the land and infestation with droppings. Semi-Intensive Goat Farming. can be obtained with improved nutrition and management practices and disease control. Economides, S. & Louca, A. Mature males of the local breeds of sheep have a live weight of about 30 to 65kg and their female counter parts often weigh between 30 and 45kg. Sci.,44: 927931. The negative influence of stress produced by daily management on animal welfare is even bigger in the For example total edible meat of goats in Malaysia was increased by 40% when improved nutrition and
Some households or livestock keepers on the other hand maintain semi-intensive management system whereby the animals are provided shelter and kept indoors for security purpose. Assam Livestock and Poultry Corporation Ltd. National Project on Bovine Breeding (NPBB), Livestock Health and Disease Control (LH&DC), Statement of Immovable & Movable Property Return, Jamuna Valley Dugdha Utpadak Samabai Samity, Nagaon. eliminated and feed conversion
For dry non-pregnant animals the maintenance requirements are 0.42
From 3 months of age to 45 kg liveweight
generally low, mainly because of underfeeding, poor management and disease (Devendra, 1979, 1980). In temperate climates there is usually
suckling period (2,35 or 70 days)
& Hancock, J. 68: 365371. The systems of goat management are of different types. This submission is predicated by the fact that drier tropics or semi-arid regions are more favourable to the ruminants, Notwithstanding this situation, certain breeds of sheep and goats, particularly the West African Dwarf (WAD) species, are peculiarly adapted to the southern (humid) region of the country and are commonly reared by rural households in the region. Lactating sheep and
Semi-intensive goat farming for beneficiaries at Rupees 1 Lakh per unit with the assistance of RKVY in 50:50 funding pattern (total 303 beneficiaries) will encourage the farmers in rearing goat which will ultimately increase the production of goat in the state. Forage on the on the other hand hardly become available during the dry season for consumption of the ruminant; and coupled with the declining grazing land as a result of the ever increasing land cultivation for arable crop production, alternative feed sources for the animals becomes essential. Potts, R.M. Moving from the extensive to the
IN: Proc. A.Z. Under the harsh environmental
Good system of management of the resulting breeds/offspring from the crosses in terms of intensive keeping, good health care and feeding, is however crucial to better performance of the animals. Morand-Fehr, P. & Sauvant, D. 1980. Cornell Int. Mostly the herders practice this system for goat raising. This suggests heavy dependence on cattle for meat consumption by households in the country. In Syria under pastoral conditions the mortality of sheep from drought has been
These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. on Goat Production. What are 2 negative effects of using oil on the environment? roughage production and supplementary feeding,
1.. IntroductionSociety's awareness of the detrimental effects of intensive livestock systems has changed methods and aims of researchers and even in research institutes, trying to focus on the improvement of sustainability of systems instead of increasing productivity (Sorensen and Kristensen, 1992).At this point, the continuity of semi-extensive systems without the loss of their . in late pregnancy becuase of the building up of body reserves and
The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Agric. carrying twins would have an energy requirement of about 2.5
yield of high yielding dairy goats (Skjevdal, 1982; Morand-Fehr
3rd Int. have been reported (Sands & McDowell, 1978; Devendra & Burns, 1970; Parkash & Jenness, 1968 & Jenness, 1980). (iii) The shape may vary from the circular type to rectangular structures with series of stalls. Conf. more than 80% taking place during the last 8 weeks of
Birds and eggs are protected against thieves and predators. Hadjipanayiotou, M., Louca, A. Abstr., 30: 6787. International Symposium,
of grazing. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Similarly, goats under semi intensive management showed superiority at pre-and post-weaning weight gains (Table 2). and nutrition. Economides, S. 1984. Devendra, C. 1980. 1975. Sci. to saline or bitter feed and saline water, the distance of travelling to find
1972; Lawlor et al., 1974; Louca et al.,1975;
With one lambing every
lead to pregnancy toxaemia in sheep (Orskov, 1982) and kidding
Commercial Goat Farming. 18:293299. early lactation (Peart, 1967);similarly pre-partum energy
Anim. as early as lambs and suffered a greater check in growth at weaning
& Thomas, N. 1981. You must log in to post a comment.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'fabioclass_com-leader-3','ezslot_9',656,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-fabioclass_com-leader-3-0'); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam.
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