In addition, there was an age gap in voting in national and local elections, as young students voting was low. One is an individuals substantive political identification on a left-right spectrum and the other is on an individuals engagement with the process of politics that is revealed by their acquisition of information on candidates in an election and their willingness to vote in an election. The sample was chosen from the youth segment because they were the most numerous in the Jordanian society, as well as the fact that the sample was more accessible in terms of data collection and distribution of the questionnaire. It provides citizens a sense of dignity and value, alerts both the rulers and the ruled to their duties and responsibilities and facilitates broader political understanding. Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier and Steven E. Schier (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009), 932. The edited video showing the beating of King told a different story of police brutality and was the basis of much controversy. It can be concluded that: the more the regional affiliation varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of the Jordanian students. Rock the Vote (RTV), a nonpartisan youth mobilization organization, established the first online voter registration initiative in 1992 with official backing from the Congressional Internet Caucus. Fitzgerald, J. Thus, there was a difference in the ratio of voting of Jordanian public universities students in the national and local elections according to the age group. We saw the three cleavages affecting voter turnout, which were a mix of internal and external factors. 73 No. Also, some social factors such as tribal affiliation affects students voting. Social, cultural, and economic factors can keep people from voting. People with higher education are more likely to participate 59 No. Among the major findings of the study are high political apathy; and "voting" as the most popular form of political participation among the people and "free, fair and 3, pp. Some of the factors considered in the examination of data from the 2010 AmericasBarometer survey by LAPOP include wealth, age, sex and educational level. Up to 70 percent of members of single-issue groups show their support solely by making monetary contributions (Putnam, 2000). the individual needs money to be able to participate in political activities. Closing voting rosters weeks or months in advance of elections effectively disenfranchised voters. What are some of the ways you have participated in politics? Alelaimat, M.S. 213-221. Ballots can be invalidated if they are not properly marked by voters or are not read by antiquated voting machines. Political participation is normally associated with the modern form of democracy. WebFactors influencing women political participation: The case of the SADC region. Support activities can lead to active participation, as people learn about issues through these events and decide to become involved. Among the forms of political participation, the present study focuses on voting as a traditional form of political participation and the most prominent form that can be observed and measured during elections by monitoring the numbers of voters. Direct link to madison.rawlins25's post i dont know. By 2008, 44 percent of the public had contacted their member of Congress about an issue or concern (Congressional Management Foundation, 2008). E-mail has made contacting public officials cheaper and easier than the traditional method of mailing a letter. For example, political participation includes In addition, they did not have Political orientation, and they did not care about party or civil society activities. Introduction. Fifty-four people were killed and two thousand were wounded. Civil society depends on social networks, based on trust and goodwill, that form between friends and associates and allow them to work together to achieve common goals. So, the study examined the impact of gender, age, family income, and regional affiliation factors on the voting of Jordanian university students. This made them feel political alienation, which led them to be reluctant to vote in the elections. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. It concluded that democracy depends on political participation (Leigh, 2018, p. 7). Turnout in states that have Election Day registration averages ten points higher than in the rest of the country (Wolfinger & Rosenstone, 1980). The more the regional affiliation varies, the more students voting in the elections differs. Community activism is thriving among young people who realize the importance of service that directly assists others. The reasons for the low voting ratio of less than 500 dinars category in Jordan was due to the fact that they saw the candidates inefficiency. The study concluded that, Although the democratic transition and the subsequent constitutional and legal amendments in Jordan, which gave women equal rights with men, and allowing engagement in political parties and civil activities, there was a gap in the voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections due to some demographic factors (gender and age), economic factors (family income) and some social factors (regional affiliation). 2, pp. In addition to the requirement that voters must be eighteen years of age, states can enforce residency requirements that mandate the number of years a person must live in a place before being eligible to vote. In addition, the questionnaire included two section, the first is related to the four factors: Gender (malefemale), Age (8-22years old - 23-30years old), Family Income (less than 500 dinar- 500 less than 700 dinar more than 700 dinar), and regional affiliation (Jordanian Origin - Palestinian Origin). Berikut faktor-faktornya: 1. Moreover, political participation is a legitimate right for all citizens, their choice of the members of the government and the decision makers would influence their actions (Verba and Nie, 1978, p. 1). 25 No. The second is related the voting in elections, Reason for voting and reason for not voting as the study relied on the literature review to prepare the questionnaire. Moreover, the reason for not voting was the ineffectiveness of the performance of elected local councils with (20.3 per cent) for the Jordanians and Inefficiency of candidates for such councils with (38.4 per cent) for the (Palestinians). 8 No. So, the Palestinians had the right to vote in Jordanian national and local elections. Measuring gender differences in political knowledge, The Journal of Politics, Vol. This study is an approach to interpret the factors affecting voting of Jordanian university students, such as gender, age, family income and regional affiliation, which led to different voting in the national and local elections. Table IV shows the results of the analysis of public universities students views on voting in national and local elections according to regional affiliation. It can be concluded that marginalization of women in the past, and the denial of their right to vote for political and social reasons, made women feel alienation within the society and they were unequal to men. The more the family income varies, the more students voting in the elections differs. Homana (2018) and Oliver (2016) indicated the impact of age on political participation. Protest behavior can take many forms. Three factors seem to affect political participation among Native Americans a history of violent conflict and deep distrust of federal, state, and local actors Although the youth represent the largest number in these countries, their voting in elections is very poor. Citizens can show their unhappiness with leadership choices by the symbolic act of not voting. In addition, ethnic groups feel that they are marginalized within society, and they do not receive adequate political attention, So, they are reluctant to participate in voting. Given the development of the Jordanian women's political participation, before 1974, Jordanian women had no right to vote and run in the elections. Participation witnessed further expansion, as some studies have pointed out: Street protest, involvement in institutional policies, participating in social movements (Roth and Saunders, 2019, p. 572), and engagement in political debates (Bernstein, 2005, p. 299). The limited participation of youth in the political parties' bodies and in civil society institutions was one of the most prominent features that accompanied the democratic process in Jordan since the promulgation of the Parties Law in 1992. Symbolic acts are not always supportive of the political system. Political socialization 6. Tingkat Pengetahuan. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Voting is the most frequent citizen activity, especially in modern democracies. Voter registration laws were implemented in the 1860s by states and big cities to ensure that only citizens who met legal requirements could vote. The reason of the low voting ratio of 18 less than 23 category in Jordan was due to the fact that they saw the elected councils ineffective within society. Content Guidelines 2. Moreover, their belief that elected councils, whether national or local, are not able to change their lives in the future. The America First Action is a super PAC led by former administrator of the Small Business Administration. Political participation includes voting and any other activity that shapes, affects or involves the political field. Wolfinger, R. E. and Steven J. Rosenstone, Who Votes? 4, pp. A high-level overview of the processes by which individuals develop political values and beliefs. The process by which a person develops political values and beliefs, including through interactions with family, friends, school, religious and civic groups, and the media. Gender and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, Age and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, Family income and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, Regional affiliation and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections. For many people, voting is the primary means of taking part in politics. Over 70 percent of Minnesota voters cast ballots in the 2008 presidential election compared with 51 percent in Hawaii and West Virginia (McDonald). Moreover, the electoral system of the country affects the political participation of women. The Senate alone receives an average of over four million e-mail messages per week and more than two hundred million e-mail messages per year (Congressional Management Foundation, 2008). Plagiarism Prevention 4. 2. 121-133. Voter registration and turnout is influenced by legal and structural factors, voter qualifications, the type of election, and voters enthusiasm about a particular campaign. (2018), Increasing womens political participation: the role of women-friendly districts, Journal of Representative Democracy, Vol. In recent decades, political participation amongst They concluded that the social and economic factors such as (gender, age, education, place of residence, family, tribal affiliation, unemployment, income, poverty, economic growth, social relationships, and regional affiliation) affected political participation, especially voting in elections. Chapter 1: Communication in the Information Age, Chapter 2: The Constitution and the Structure of Government Power, Chapter 6: Political Culture and Socialization, Chapter 8: Participation, Voting, and Social Movements, Chapter 16: Policymaking and Domestic Policies, Chapter 17: Foreign and National Security Policies, American Government and Politics in the Information Age, http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=1344797n, http://www.civicyouth.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/2010-Exit-Poll-FS-Nov-17-Update.pdf, http://elections.gmu.edu/voter_turnout.htm, http://people-press.org/questions/?qid=1720790&pid=51&ccid=51#top, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. It was noted that the number of students in the age group (23 less than 30) was a total number of (171) including (141) participated in the voting with (82.5 per cent) in the same category. The study examines the impact of gender, age, family income and regional affiliation that represent important social and economic factors affecting political participation on the voting of Jordanian university students. Fox, R.L. Although all these amendments, the political participation of Jordanian university students is still poor. The more educated are better able to transmit their political interest and knowledge to their children and to the people of their neighbourhood. People take part in support activities on behalf of a cause, which can lead to greater involvement. It says that blue collared workers are more likely to be affiliated with the Democratic party, and it says that the Southern region is more Republican. Participation gives an opportunity to express ones own point of view and secure the greatest good for the greatest number. This is a problem problematic because one-third of the Jordanian people are young people (Jordanian Annual Statistical Report, 2018, p.7). In all states except Maine, Vermont, and Massachusetts, inmates serving time for committing felonies lose their right to vote. Moreover, women believe that they do not have the ability to make political change, and their participating would make no change in the society. So, the research problem is concerned with examining the impact of social and economic factors (gender, age, family Income, and regional affiliation) on voting of Jordanian university students in the elections. (6) of 2016, articles 3 and 8). Such factors are political exposure, political efficacy, education, income, gender, political interest, political culture, political parties, and religious beliefs. The main reason for voting in the elections according to age was practicing the constitutional right. with (45.1 per cent) for the age group (18 less than 23) and (24.8 per cent) for the age group (23 less than 30). What would happen if both parents had two different political ideologies for example- MOM- Democrat and Dad - Republican? The present study focuses on money (income). 48-60. 571-589. 52 Nos 5/6, pp. Many people take part in neighborhood, school, and religious associations. Moreover, the lack of fair distribution of resources and the concentration the wealth in the hands of businessmen, made them feel marginalized. Twitter, a social messaging platform that allows people to provide short updates in real time, has been used to convey eyewitness reports of protests worldwide. Expressing opinions about leaders, issues, and policies has become one of the most prominent forms of political participation. Protests involve unconventional, and sometimes unlawful, political actions that are undertaken in order to gain rewards from the political and economic system. They include sense of efficacy, sense of civic responsibility, sociability, sense of alienation and authoritarianism. A majority of lower-class persons generally vote for the left parties while the majority of the upper and middle class persons vote for the rightist parties. It gives recognition to the national parties, state parties and regional parties. Third: The more the family income varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of the high-income students, as there were differences in the voting ratio in the elections according to the level of family income. Therefore, the diversity of regional affiliation affected political participation. 2 No. (2013), What does political mean to you?, Political Behavior, Vol. It is interesting to note that Milbrath classifies those factors which have been used up to the present in the attempt to explain political participation, into three groups: personal factors, political setting, and social position. the USA estrangement about engagement in electoral campaigns and community participation. Men vote more than females (Childs, 2004, p. 422). This study aims to identify the factors affecting the political participation of Jordanian university students, especially their voting in national and local elections. The 2008 presidential election sparked high levels of public interest and engagement. People can work in an election campaign, contact public officials, circulate a petition, join a political organization, and donate money to a candidate or a cause. With so many elections, people can become overwhelmed, confused, or just plain tired of voting. However, young people participation in voting remained low (Dababneh, 2012, p. 215). The growth of an interconnected world economy and culture, fueled by lowered trade barriers between nations and advances in communications technology. Direct link to bhuiadna78's post What would happen if both, Posted a month ago. A formal or informal association of people seeking to influence governmental policy in favor of their interests; interest groups may represent social causes, economic 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-05-2019-0072, Copyright 2019, Mohammad Soud Alelaimat, Published in Review of Economics and Political Science. Pyeatt, N. and Yanus, B. Therefore, this study examines the factors affecting the voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, focusing on some social and economic factors and examining the reasons for voting or not voting, which relates to the performance of the elected councils and the effectiveness of their members. More appropriately, determinants of political participation are those factors and forces that can affect or influence peoples participation in politics. Mohammad Soud Alelaimat can be contacted at: https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-05-2019-0072, http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode. Turnout for the 2010 midterm election was 41.6 percent, compared with 41.4 percent in 2006 and 40.5 percent in 2002 (McDonald). Results show that only the intrinsic motivation has a significant impact to the political participation of the SK officials. Education, gender, occupation, family, etc. In the light of the democratization, especially in many developing countries, political participation forms expanded and diversified to include voting, participating in the campaigns, community participation and expression of opinion in society related issues (Childs, 2004, p. 422). Race relations in Los Angeles in 1991 were strained. Urbanization as the first stage of the modernization process tends to raise literacy; increased literacy tends to increase the media exposure; and increasing media exposure facilitates wider political participation. However, most participants are not activists for these causes. Moreover, after the Arab revolutions in late 2010 and early 2011, and Jordanian peaceful demonstrations and protests, the political leadership allowed more constitutional and legal amendments, which strengthened the political participation of all segments of people including Jordanian young people, particularly women (Mohammad, 2017, p. 2). Demonstrators burned buildings and assaulted bystanders. Youth political engagement in Australia and the United States: student councils and volunteer organizations as communities of practice, Studying oil, islam, and women as if political institutions mattered, Womens engagement in politics in the year of the woman, Politics of presence: women in the house and symbolic representation, Political participation of the urban poor, The impact of country characteristics on civic knowledge and political participation, Politikon: Iapss Journal of Political Science, The impact of political parties on the 2007 Jordanian parliamentary elections, The factors affecting the women political participations in Jordanian parliamentary elections (2003-2013), Increasing womens political participation: the role of women-friendly districts, Gender differences in political participation: comparing street demonstrators in Sweden and the United Kingdom, Economic inequality and democratic political engagement, Youth and Political Parties in Jordan, Amman, Knowing and caring about politics: gender and political engagement, No Easy Choose: Political Participation in Developing Countries.
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